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3 Compare, for example, the K2 (Bayesian Dirichlet uniform) metric discussed in Section 7.2.4. The likelihood equivalent Bayesian Dirichlet uniform metric, however, uses a di erent value, although the prior is still uniform (cf. the same section).

IP and Ethernet. The goal is to create a flatter network with overall reduced costs of equipment and maintenance, permitting more rapid, flexible service introduction, provisioning, and control. This trend has moved from LAN to MAN, and yet need to happen in the WAN. Key deficiencies of Ethernet that are restricting its use in the wide area include its use of broadcast signaling for resource discovery, its flat address space, its lack of fast protection and restoration capability as well as sophisticated management tools for remote operations and fault detection and resolution, the limitations of its spanning tree capabilities, its minimal security attributes, and its limited capabilities for virtualization. All of these areas are important to implementing flexible Ethernet services within Grid environments and are all being addressed through IEEE standardization initiatives. One important activity is the IEEE 802.1ah [8], which is defining an architecture and bridge protocols that will allow for the interconnection of multiple bridge networks (defined in 802.1ad [9]) to ensure VLAN scalability and associated management capabilities, e.g., through SNMP. The 802.1ad effort addresses issues such as layer 2 control protocol tunneling, VLAN stacking ( UNI QinQ ), and spanning tree segmentation. The 802.1d and 802.1w define the standards and protocols for the MAC spanning tree specification. Spanning tree prevents loops and assists in fault isolation. The 802.1s ( virtual bridge local area networks ) extends the standard to include support for multiple spanning trees for metro areas. Unlike SONET/SDH which provides fast protection and restoration, existing Ethernet technologies still lack such recovery capabilities from failures. The Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), a ring-based protocol, which was standardized by the IEEE 802.17 work group [10], has been designed particularly to address this need for Ethernet transport. See a brief overview of RPR in Section 11.7. RPR s ability to guarantee SONET-level protection and restoration time, and its efficient statistical multiplexing capability, together with its support for multiple classes of services with strict performance guarantees, make it an ideal traffic management layer for Ethernet-based services. Unlike LAN/enterprise networks, in which Ethernet dominates, carrier networks are known for sophisticated and effective management capabilities, and set a high standard for reliability, availability, fast failover, and recovery to ensure that Service Level Agreements (SLAs) made by providers can be met. One of the greatest challenges facing service providers as they deploy Ethernet-based solutions in WAN environments lies in achieving the same level of Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) support that users are accustomed to receiving with traditional carrier networks. Specifically, SLAs attached to specific services need to be met without regard to the underlying technologies used to provide them. Ethernet OAM is one of the capabilities required to meet SLAs. It includes link performance monitoring, fault detection and fault signaling, and loopback testing. Many standard bodies and forum are addressing this challenge: ITU-T Y.1730 Ethernet-based networks and services provides the Ethernet OAM objectives, requirements, and a quick view of what types of functions need to be implemented, as well as some of the underlying reasons for implementing the function.

Solvents 44.9 68.79 29.61 15.18 9.38 2.97 2) 12.84 39.53 34.97 8.4 7) 22.57 17.93 96.63 14.16 4.28 3) 94.52 1) 56.1 32.7 61.12 28.73 15.22 10.20 2.20 2) 10.44 26.2 2) 36.37 32.96 9.8 7) 22.07 16.39 89.49 13.18 3.94 3) 85.19 1) 48.8 19.5 39.14 19.44 11.00 7.80 1.51 2) 6.54 26.68 22.91 6.4 7) 15.47 10.93 66.40 8.98 2.76 3) 61.63 1) 34.9 76.35 52.38 21.85 10.22 10.38 7.93 17.64 5.30 17.46 25.61 53.8 45.94 19.45 51.4 23.41 109.3 18.77 9.29 3) 100.4 62.50 22.6 26.4 78.14 56.53 24.50 11.98 11.24 8.50 19.00 5.21 17.51 28.16 53.4 43.21 17.48 30.14 51.2 23.76 113.9 84.5 19.41 8.91 3) 100.7 62.82 21.96 28.2 71.46 60.95 24.82 11.23 5.04 17.66 57.1 47.0 19.33 32.40 52.5 26.84 127.2 96.8 20.92 106.2 66.65 22.9 30.4 46.94 25.44 12.34 8.01 19.75 37.12 31.50 10.81 20.1 33.60 17.08 86.1 13.12 5.32 3) 77.3 45.44 16.5 76.84 62.63 27.04 13.74 12.83 9.52 20.92 4.79 16.90 28.39 51.1 41.80 16.28 26.94 49.0 23.59 116.2 86.6 18.82 7.22 3) 102.4 1) 63.61 21.28 43.6 4) 21.7 4) 16.9 4) 96.3 4) 67.36 70.78 30.5 16.19 15.07 11.26 22.77 4.45 16.63 27.37 51.6 42.80 14.97 28.35 27.24 47.5 24.39 115.8 85.6 18.94 6.69 3) 103.6 1) 65.75 21.6 29.2