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expressed in decibels. Using 154:6 dBW for the received signal power obtained in Section 3.3, the SNR in a 20-MHz bandwidth is seen to be 154:6 128:5 26:1 dB. Although the GPS signal has a 20-MHz bandwidth, about 90% of the C=A-code power lies in a 2-MHz bandwith, so there is only about 0.5 dB loss in signal power. Consequently the SNR in a 2-MHz bandwidth is 154:6 0:5 138:5 16:6 dB. In either case it is evident that the signal is completely masked by noise. Further processing to elevate the signal above the noise will be discussed subsequently. 4.1.3 Digitization

As a result, the fuzzy sequential association rules are mined whose fuzzy support and fuzzy con dence are above a given threshold. A set of candidate cases that satisfy the fuzzy rules is selected from the case base. Based on the assumption that people accessing similar page content will have similar access paths, these candidate cases are then used to predict the user Web access patterns and recommend the Web pages to be prefetched.

where q is the queuing delay, q = RTT baseRTT. Note that, unlike NewReno, the rate does not depend on RTT, which allows fair rate allocation for flows sharing the same bottleneck link. Note also from Equation (8.5) that the rate does not depend on the packet loss rate, which allows FAST to operate efficiently in environments in which packet loss occurs due to channel error. Indeed, the loss recovery behavior of FAST has been enhanced, and operation at close to the throughput upper bound C 1 p for a channel of capacity C and loss rate p is possible, as shown in Figure 8.10. Like Vegas, FAST is prone to the baseRTT estimation problem. If baseRTT is taken simply as the minimum RTT observed, a route change may result in either unfairness or link underutilization. Also, another issue for FAST is tuning of the parameter. If is too small, the queuing delay created may be too small to be measurable. If it is too large, the buffers may overflow. It is possible to mitigate both the tuning and baseRTT estimation issues with various techniques, but a definitive solution remains the subject of on-going research.

In 1977, I authored an article on the mechanics of a commodity futures exchange for the Hofstra University Law Review. In it, I concluded that an automated transaction process cannot supplant the trading oor or the open-outcry system. While that assertion was made with respect to a world quite different from the one today, Globex does not run contrary to this view. Globex is not speci cally designed to replace the present transaction process but, rather, to enhance it. Nor did my conclusions of a decade ago intimate that our industry should ever be precluded from experimenting with change. Indeed, we must continually evaluate the state of our industry in light of current demands and competitive pressures on our markets, and in recognition of the effects of scienti c and technological changes in the world around us. There is no doubt that throughout our dramatic metamorphosis and expansion, one thing has remained constant: In the United States, open outcry has been the liquidity engine for our success. This remains the case. The CME, like all other American exchanges, has a continuing commitment to the preservation of this transaction process. However, the CME also believes that to blindly assume that open outcry is the perfect system for all time is to be lulled into a false sense of security and forgo any opportunities to strengthen or advance our way of doing

Fig. 5.5 Testis-ova in the gonad of male medaka exposed to 100 mg/l nominal concentration of NP from 1 day posthatch to 3 months. The testicular tissue is in the anterior (right-hand) part of the gonad, and ovarian tissue is in the posterior part of the gonad (40x magni cation, H&E staining) (Gray & Metcalfe, 1997). Reprinted with permission from Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1997. Copyright Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola, Florida, USA.

Partial moles Most often 69,XXX or 69,XXY 2/3 paternal, 1/3 maternal Sometimes present Usually present Variable, focal Focal, slight to moderate Missed abortion Small for dates Rare Rare 2.5 7.5%