7: The UMTS Related Work of International Organisations in .NET

Generation QR Code 2d barcode in .NET 7: The UMTS Related Work of International Organisations

district-employed school psychologists, from psychologists employed in independent practice, or through other agencies. Regardless of whether personnel are employed or contracted, it is the responsibility of the unit to ensure the same level and quality of services as those provided by personnel from within the unit. 7.1 Contractual school psychological services encompass the same comprehensive continuum of services as is provided by regularly employed school psychologists. These services include opportunities for follow-up and continuing consultation appropriate to the needs of the student. Individual contracts for services may be limited as long as the school psychological services unit ensures comprehensive services overall. 7.2 Contractual school psychological services are not used as a means to decrease the amount and quality of school psychological services provided by an employing agency. They may be used to augment and enhance programs, as in the case of retaining needed expertise, to coordinate with other community health services, and to assure that services are available to students and their families. 7.3 Contracted services may be used as a mechanism to maximize available resources. However, any such models of service must provide comprehensive psychological services and assure quality services of equal or greater value when compared to services provided by schoolbased personnel. 7.4 Contractual school psychological services are provided in a manner that protects the due process rights of students and their parents as defined by state and federal laws and regulations. 7.5 Psychologists providing contractual school psychological services provide those services in a manner consistent with these Guidelines, NASP

Hardy further notes that some privacy advocates worry about how much personal information will migrate into corporate hands, but the On Star system provides a near-perfect example of the issues of personal profile tradeoffs. One is willing to let the machine tell the police where you are. The benefit is that if you are unconscious in a wrecked vehicle and in need of medical attention, the machine will come to your assistance. Proponents of the use of digital identity note there is an inherent safety valve around privacy issues participation in systems such as On Star and other digital identity programs is voluntary. Much profiling is done with our knowledge and at least tacit consent to help service providers protect us as consumers. Steven Scott has written of the use of Bayesian statistics to deter fraud against consumers, noting: The idea behind Bayesian statistics is to create a probability distribution describing your subjective belief about some uncertain quantity. . . and to update the distribution using Bayes rule as relevant data become known. It is the updating that makes Bayesian statistics a science. 11 He goes on to note that AT&T, for example, uses such calculations to help prevent losses to long-distance fraud that are about $4 billion a year, on an industry basis. Using Bayesian statistics, AT&T can update a customer s calling patterns to spot calls that might be indicative of fraudulent activity by a third party. Thus the Bayesian profile of the customer s normal calls, updated and weighed in various sophisticated ways, becomes a fairly active indicator of when a number, account, or even switch has been taken over by persons intent on committing fraud. Such techniques are also used by credit card companies to prevent theft or fraud losses and by computer companies and organizations to detect hackers.12 Credit scores in general affect many of the everyday payments we make for mortgages, auto loans, and other forms of financing. Fair, Isaac and Company (FICO) scores are used to rate consumers as to their credit-worthiness and can have a significant impact on the interest rates charged. For example, as of April 2002, depending on one s credit score in the FICO system, the rates for a 60-month auto loan could vary from 5.59 to 10.95 percent, and the rates for a 30-year mortgage from 6.851 to 8.664 percent.13 We each profile one another dozens of times a day, sometimes for good or bad reasons, but it is one of the most common of human traits. Sociologists might call it stereotyping, but the hundreds of social interactions that occur in a typical day might be different and strange without it. When used in law enforcement activities, the courts have recognized that the totality of the officer s observations and experience is the basis for a probable cause judgment, such as whether to stop a suspicious vehicle. Writing in The Police Chief magazine, Michael Whalen cited one recent case on this subject, United States v. Arvizu, noting: The U.S. Supreme Court s recent ruling in United States v. Arvizu continues a series of decisions that recognize the inexact science of determining probable cause and reasonable suspicion and the importance of teaching officers to document all of the facts leading to their decision to make a stop or conduct a search. 14

Campbell, P.M., T.G. Pottinger & J.P. Sumpter (1992) Stress reduces the quality of gametes produced by rainbow trout. Biology of Reproduction, 47 (6), 1140 1150. Campbell, W.B., J.M. Emlen & W. Hershberger (1998) Thermally induced chronic development stress in coho salmon: integrating measures of mortality, early growth and developmental instability. Oikos, 81, 398 410. Carragher, J.F. & J.P. Sumpter (1991) The mobilization of calcium from calci ed tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) induced to synthesize vitellogenin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A99 (1 2), 169 172. Carter, C.G., D.F. Houlihan, J. Brechin & I.D. McCarthy (1993a) The relationships between protein intake and protein accretion, synthesis, and retention ef ciency for individual grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 392 400. Carter, C.G., D.F. Houlihan, B. Buchanan & A.I. Mitchell (1993b) Protein-nitrogen ux and protein growth ef ciency of individual Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 12, 305 315. Casillas, E., D. Misitano, L.L. Johnson, L.D. Rhodes, T.K. Collier, J.E. Stein, B.B. McCain & U. Varanasi (1991) Inducibility of spawning and reproductive success of female English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from urban and non-urban areas of Puget Sound, Washington. Marine Environmental Research, 31 (2), 99 122. Cerda, J., M. Carrillo, S. Zanuy & J. Ramos (1994) Effect of food ration on estrogen and vitellogenin plasma levels, fecundity and larval survival in captive sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax preliminary observations. Aquatic Living Resources, 7, 255 266. Chan, H.S.L., P.S. Thorner, G. Haddad & V. Ling (1990) Immunohistochemical detection of Pglycoprotein: prognostic correlaiton in soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 8, 689 704. Chatterjee, S. & S. Bhattacharya (1984) Detoxication of industrial pollutants by the glutathione glutathione-s-transferase system in the liver of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Toxicology Letters, 22 (2), 187 198. Christiansen, T., B. Korsgaard & A. Jespersen (1998) Effects of nonylphenol and 17 beta-oestradiol on vitellogenin synthesis, testicular structure and cytology in male eelpout Zoarces viviparus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201 (2), 179 192. Clarke, D.J., B. Burchell & S.G. George (1992) Differential expression and induction of UDPglucuronosyltransferase isoforms in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of sh, Pleuronectes platessa; immunochemical and functional characterization. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 115, 130 136. Colgan, P.W., J.A. Cross & P.H. Johansen (1982) Guppy behaviour during exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of phenol. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28, 20 27. Cornwall, R., B.H. Toomey, S. Bard, C. Bacon, W.M. Jarman & D. Epel (1995) Characterization of multixenobiotic multidrug transport in the gills of the mussel Mytilus californianus and identi cation of environmental substrates. Aquatic Toxicology, 31 (4), 277 296. Crane, M., T. Flower, D. Holmes & S. Watson (1992) The toxicity of selenium in experimental freshwater ponds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23 (4), 440 452. Cravedi, J.P., A. Paris, E. Perdudurand & P. Prunet (1995a) In uence of growth-hormone on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase and transferase systems of rainbow-trout. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 14 (4), 259 266. Cravedi, J.P., E. Perdudurand, A. Paris & P. Prunet (1995b) Growth-hormone effect on xenobioticmetabolizing activities of rainbow-trout. Marine Environmental Research, 39 (1 4), 89 92. Cross, J.N., J.T. Hardy, J.E. Hose, G.P. Hershelman, L.D. Antrim, R.W. Gosselt & E.A. Crecelius (1987) Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California. Marine Environmental Research, 23, 307 323.

It is easy to see that for a patent portfolio consisting of a single patent, pj L and the value of the patent is equal to the value of the portfolio. In the case of a portfolio consisting of no concurrent patents 1/n and the expression (32) reverts to (14), as of equal value, pj/L expected. The present value of a patent is given by the expression 34. PV P j pj L