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put this very succinctly, the de nition has nothing to do with science , but represents the cobbling together of two exclusive social constructions; namely, drug use as mechanism, and drug use as act of choice or volition.

of the technical aspects of providing such a service in a scalable ef cient fashion require access to, and ability to con gure, elements in the networks. In this book we describe the state of the art in this eld and a new framework aimed at addressing the need for rapid deployment of ef cient Context-Aware Services, which is becoming a requirement in many providers networks. This solution is based on a distributed service execution environment utilizing the programmable network paradigm. A study of the eld of Context-Aware Services followed development of new ways to create and deploy such services must start with a clear view of the different elements participating in the envisaged scenarios. A key ingredient is the context itself one must de ne what context is, and how it relates to services in the new networking paradigm. This is described in 2 of this book. Another important building block is the service. Here, it is important to de ne the scope of a service in this new era where telecommunication and data networks converge. It is also important to study the service life cycle, from creation through deployment to the actual offering of well-managed services to end users. We do this in 3. A special emphasis is put on the interaction of the service with the networking layer. In this new converged world where the network is very heterogeneous and complex, and where low operational cost is crucial to the attainment of pro tability, it is very important to be able to offer the required QoS to the customer in the most ef cient way. For this reason, it is no longer possible to offer all services from a single location and to view the network as a black box. Thus, there is a clear need for a well-de ned control and management API between the services and the network elements. We discuss this important aspect in 4. A good way to maximize the advantage of such an API, and to allow distributed applications to cooperate in offering the service, is to use programmability. Network programming techniques allow the creation of a distributed service execution environment that can host the service logic and utilize the service network API. This approach is followed in the development of the CONTEXT system that is described in this book. Programmable technology and its applicability to services are described in the 5. The CONTEXT system is a middleware solution for ef cient development and deployment of context-aware services making use of programmable system technology. This system consists of a distributed service execution environment (EE) composed of DINA nodes, and a service support layer (SSL) that is dedicated to the creation, customization, deployment, and management of services on top of the distributed EE. The details of the different layers are described in chapters 6 and 7 of the book. In order to make sure that the proposed system can indeed be used by the different players in the service domain, it very important to examine the different ways the system could be used to create and deploy different types of service. In 8, we provide such an evaluation for describing different scenarios and discussing the ways the CONTEXT system is used in order to create, deploy, and manage these

The previous sections describe how the relevant network information is made available to the service logic. The service then uses its logic (in terms of policy) to take actions based on the network context. Some of the needed action may be related to recon guring of the network in order to achieve the service goals. In order to do so, the service needs an API that will allow it to perform actions with respect to the network layer. As in the case of information retrieval, an action can be local, that is, solely performed at a single network element, or global that is, an action that needed to be performed in more than one network location. Examples for local actions could be

Kondolf, G. M. 1996. A cross section of stream channel restoration. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (March-April):119 125. Kozel, T. R., J. Dailey, J. Craig, and K. Welborn. 1988. Some stand characteristics of baldcypress Taxodium distichum (L.) in an oxbow lake in extreme southwestern Indiana. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 49:74 79. Lessmann, J. M., I. A. Mendelssohn, M. W. Hester, and K. L. McKee. 1997. Population variation in growth response to ooding of three marsh grasses. Ecological Engineering 8:31 47. Llewellyn, D. W., F. P. Shaffer, N. J. Craig, L. Creasman, D. Pashley, M. Swan, and C. Brown. 1996. A decision-support system for prioritizing restoration sites on the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Conservation Biology 10: 1446 1455. Loftus, T. T. 1994. Status and assessment of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. and Nyssa aquatica L. in Horseshoe Lake, Alexander County, Illinois: Phase One Baseline Study. Master s thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Lugo, A. E., J. K. Nessel, and T. M. Hanlon. 1984. Root distribution in a northcentral Florida cypress strand. In Cypress Swamps, ed. by K. C. Ewel and H. T. Odum, pp. 279 285. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. MacDon ld, P. O., W. E. Frayer, and J. K. Clauser. 1979. Documentation, Chronology, and Future Projections of Bottomland Hardwood Habitat Loss in the Lower Misssissippi Alluvial Plain. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vicksburg, MS. Mathis, M. 2001. Deer herbivory and old eld succession. Ph.D. diss., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Mathis, M., and B. A. Middleton. 1999. Simulated herbivory and vegetation dynamics in coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands. Restoration Ecology 7: 392 398. Mattoon, W. R. 1915. The Southern Cypress. Bulletin No. 272. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Mattoon, W. R. 1916. Water requirements and growth of young cypress. In Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, pp. 192 197. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. McDermott, R. E. 1954. Effects of saturated soil on seedling growth of some bottomland hardwood species. Ecology 35:36 41. McKenney, D. W., B. G. Mackey, and D. Joyce. 1999. Seedwhere: A computer tool to support seed transfer and ecological restoration decisions. Environmental Modelling & Software 14:589 595. McKnight, J. S., D. D. Hook, O. G. Langdon, and R. L. Johnson. 1981. Flood tolerance and related characteristics of trees of the bottomland forest of the southern United States. In Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forests, Proceedings of a Workshop on Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands of the Southeastern United

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