Return Positive returns in .NET

Encoding QR-Code in .NET Return Positive returns

(cf. Definition 7.1.1 on page 172) and provide an analogous definition for the entropy of the combination of two attributes C and A. This indicates a direct connection to Shannon information gain, which will be studied in detail in Section 7.2.4. In that section some variants of Shannon information gain will be considered, which were originally devised to overcome its bias towards many-valued attributes. (This bias was discovered when Shannon information gain was used for decision tree induction [Quinlan 1993].) If Hartley information gain is written as above, analogous variants can be constructed. In this way we obtain the Hartley information gain ratio I(Hartley) (C, A) = gr Igain

yt + ct , 2

You can get cleaner (screen-oriented) refreshed output from netstat by combining it with the watch command as follows:

Some of the social factors which affect people with intellectual disabilities, mental illness or dementia, are part of the condition itself (for example, the change in personality, often affecting attention to personal hygiene, social skills, emotional control, and sensitivity to others, found among men and women with dementia (Jacoby and Oppenheimer, 2002). Other social factors, however, arise as a consequence of being known as a person with a mental disorder . People with such disorders experience innumerable social disadvantages, ranging from poverty, limited access to employment, social isolation, neglect, and unequal treatment by statutory services to nancial, verbal and physical, and sexual, victimisation (Sobsey, 1994; Brown et al., 1995; Hirsch and Vollhardt, 2002; Mencap, 1999; Williams and Keating, 1999; Glendenning, 1999; British Psychological Society, 2000; Davis and Hill, 2001; Nosek et al., 2001). The extent of different forms of victimisation among the three groups is unclear, and reported rates vary greatly. In part this is likely to re ect different de nitions of victimisation and variation in the ways in which the populations are de ned. (See Brown and Turk (1992) for a discussion of these issues in relation to the sexual abuse with people with intellectual disabilities.) Furthermore the likelihood of sexual, and other, victimisation coming to light in people with a mental disorder may be much lower than for the general population (James, 1988, cited in Tharinger et al., 1990). Even when the person is able to communicate his or her experiences effectively, he or she may not be taken seriously. For example, the majority (75%, N = 904) of respondents with intellectual disabilities who had been bullied reported that they informed a family member, staff, or the police; fewer than half of these reports resulted in the termination of the incidents (Mencap, 1999). As a result, most prevalence or incidence rates are likely to be gross underestimates. Given the methodological dif culties, it is not surprising that reported rates have varied widely (for example, for sexual abuse of people with intellectual disabilities: 2 to 5% (Chamberlain et al., 1984); 8% (Buchanan and Wilkins, 1991); around 4% (Cooke, 1990)). Nevertheless the gures are consistent in indicating a signi cant problem. Similarly, while the prevalence of sexual and other abuse among people with dementia is uncertain, the estimated rate of 2 5% (Allen, 2001) for abuse

5 10 15 20 Average HSDPA SINR [dB]

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