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The last two in particular enable service providers to offer IP services with enhanced security over a shared network infrastructure, as described below.

15.2 TOPOLOGY CONTROL OBJECTIVES In the most general de nition, topology control refers to transferring the underlying network topology to a graph having a desired property. This section will substantiate this de nition by listing some of the most frequently pursued objectives. Depending on the application of scenario topology control, only some of the listed objectives might be desired ones. Moreover, some of the objectives may be con icting ones and cannot be followed at the same time. Whenever two con icting goals are of interest at the same time, pro and contra of both methods have to be assessed in order to nd the right trade-off between them. 15.2.1 Connectivity

The physical layer operation procedure of HSUPA has fewer elements speci ed in the physical layer speci cations compared with HSDPA. One of the key reasons is that more of the functionality regarding terminal transmission control is located in the MAC speci cations [9]. Physical layer procedures cover the handling of physical layer signalling from the Node B and HSUPA operation in compressed mode. Further, the HARQ operation procedure is covered in di erent parts of the speci cation in di erent channel descriptions as well as di erent timing sections.

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RELIANT is a CAD tool developed by researchers at Clemson University [177] for the purpose of predicting the reliability of interconnections because of wearout due to electromigration. It predicts the instantaneous failure rate of the interconnection pattern as a function of time. The algorithm used in RELIANT is based on the principle of fracturing the interconnection pattern into a number of interconnection components, including straight segments, bonding pads, contact windows, vias between two metal layers, and steps resulting from discontinuities in the wafer surface. These components are assumed to be statistically independent, which is valid as long as the time of analysis is much smaller than the median time to failure and when the current density is low enough so that any thermal interactions among the components can be considered negligibly small. This latter requirement is usually satis ed if the current density is less than 106 A/cm2. A simpli ed ow diagram of RELIANT is shown in Fig. 5.6.1. It shows that RELIANT consists of three main modules, called EXTREM, COMBINE, and

800 A 700 600 500 Apples 400 E 300 Figure 3-1: The Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) for the data in Table 3-2. 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 Oranges 500 600 F 700 800 D B C