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hile credit derivatives is still a new term for many of us, derivative contracts on credit have been around a long time. Bond insurance, which has existed for more than 20 years, is essentially an option that pays in the event of default on a particular bond. In addition, many traditional banking products could be thought of as credit derivatives, even though they are not generally labeled as such. For example, a letter of credit is an option on the creditworthiness of a borrower, and a revolving credit facility includes an option on the borrower s credit spread. Notwithstanding the fact that traditional credit products have derivative elements, the term credit derivative generally relates to the over-thecounter markets for total return swaps, credit default swaps, and credit-linked notes, a market that dates from approximately 1991.

where S(t) = {s support(R) | t s|X } and w0 = s R wR (s). It should be noted that, as mentioned above, the computation of maximum projections via the support of a database is, in general, very inefficient, because of the usually huge number of tuples in support(R).

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value by assuming that a GPS satellite has a circular orbit with a radius of 27,000 km, an inclination angle of 55 , and a 12-h period. Is the rotation rate of the earth signi cant At what latitude(s) would one expect to see the largest possible Doppler shift 3.2 Another important parameter is the maximum rate of Doppler shift in hertz per second that a phase-lock loop must be able to track. Using the orbital parameters of the previous problem, calculate the maximum rate of Doppler shift of a GPS signal one would expect, assuming that the receiver is stationary with respect to the earth. Find the power spectrum of the 50-bps data stream containing the navigation message. Assume that the bit values are 1 and 1 with equal probability of occurrence, that the bits are uncorrelated random variables, and that the location of the bit boundary closest to t 0 is a uniformly distributed random variable on the interval [ 0:01 s, 0.01 s]. Hint: First nd the autocorrelation function R t of the bit stream and then take its Fourier transform. In two-dimensional positioning, the user's altitude is known, so only three satellites are needed. Thus, there are three pseudorange equations containing two position coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude) and the receiver clock bias term B. Since the equations are nonlinear, there will generally be more than one position solution, and all solutions will be at the same altitude. Determine a procedure that isolates the correct solution. Some civil receivers attempt to extract the L2 carrier by squaring the received waveform after it has been frequency shifted to a lower IF. Show that the squaring process removes the P(Y)-code and the data modulation, leaving a sinusoidal signal component at twice the frequency of the original IF carrier. If the SNR in a 20-MHz IF bandwidth is 30 dB before squaring, nd the SNR of the double-frequency component after squaring if it is passed through a 20-MHz bandpass lter. How narrow would the bandpass lter have to be to increase the SNR to 0 dB