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(b) Spectrum of (a)

The simulator consists of a modular structure with clear interfaces. Each module is implemented independently so that each entity may be straightforwardly replaced by an alternative solution. The tool includes the following functions: tra c and path loss generators, admission control (AC), load control (LC), packet scheduler (PS), power control (PC), process calls (PrCs) and performance monitoring (PM). AC, LC and PS are cell-based algorithms, whereas PC, PrC and PM are system-based functions. The statistically large number of items of user equipment (UEs) in the system does not make it necessary for them to be on the move: mobility e ects may be taken into account by, say, speed-dependent Eb =N0 requirements. Soft handover (SHO) a ects mainly AC and the PS. In the former, diversity (DHO) branches are processed rst, followed by the main branches. In the latter, the bit rate assigned to the radio link set (UE) is the minimum of the bit rates allocated separately (for each cell) to all radio links of the active set. SHO gains may be taken into account in the Eb =N0 requirements based on SHO condition. Since the system in heavy-tra c situations is downlink capacity limited [1] [4], the presented simulator only supports this direction. The structure to simulate the uplink could be easily implemented using exactly the same concept, except that the transmission power levels at the base station (BS) would need to be replaced by received power levels.

Overlapping is not layering. With floating boxes, you have control over the stacking order. With overlap, stacking is up to the browser.

The intensity of each spot in the diffraction pattern generates a structure factor Fhkl for each Bragg re ection (Equation (6.15)). The relative phase angle, hkl , is estimated using the methods outlined in Sections 6.5.4 6.5.6. These data are then used as inputs for a computer program which includes a mathematical tool called the Fourier synthesis (Appendix 2) to analyse the waves of all the re ections. This converts the Bragg re ections from the lattice planes (hkl) to electron

applied to an expanding volume V of unit comoving radius. I This is exactly the same as applying thennodynamics to a gas in a piston. The volume has physical radius a, so the energy is given, using E = mc2 , by (3.12) The change of energy in a time dt, using the chain rule, is

Table 15.1 Risk management at each phase of outsourcing Phase Context Risk focus Treatment outcomes Strategic decisions: what to outsource, if anything; costs and benefits analysis of internal improvement initiatives