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Traditional satellite communications systems involve a satellite relay station that launches into a geostationary, geosynchronous, or geostatic orbit, also known as a Clarke orbit, in honor of Arthur C. Clarke. Such an orbit is approximately 22,235 statute miles (35,784 km) above the equator (Figure 2.10). At that altitude and in an equatorial orbital slot, the satellite is in synchronization with the revolution of the earth. In other words, the satellite rotates around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates on its axis. As a result, the satellite maintains its relative position over the same spot of the earth s surface. Consequently, transmit and receive earth stations (i.e., terrestrial microwave dishes) point to a xed spot in the heavens to establish a communications link, secure in the knowledge that the satellite will be there. GEO satellites are also known as Fixed Satellite Systems (FSSs) due to their xed positions relative to the earth s surface. A GEO can see roughly one-third of the earth s surface from its vantage point; it cannot effectively transmit to such a wide area. Therefore, the downlink transmission is focused on a particular footprint, or area of coverage, which might be as wide as an entire continent. Spot beams, even more tightly focused downlinks, serve speci c applications over smaller regions. The popularity of satellite communications has placed great demands on the limited number of GEO slots, which are spaced at intervals of approximately 1.5 2.0 . Competition for orbital slots, coupled with the development of new applications (e.g., mobile voice and data) and the technologies to address them, has given rise to new generations of microwave satellite platforms known as Middle-Earth Orbiting (MEO) and Low-Earth Orbiting (LEO) systems. MEO systems operate at altitudes of 10,062 20,940 km and LEO systems operate at altitudes of 644 2415 km. At these lower altitudes, the satellites circle the earth rather than remaining in a xed position above and relative to it. Further, the satellites operate along multiple paths, most of which are nonequatorial. Also at these lower altitudes, the satellites have much more restricted views of the earth s surface and, therefore, considerably smaller footprints, as illustrated in Figure 2.11.

Figure 11.2-10. Format of Par.11: closed user group interlock code. (From Rec. Q.763. Courtesy of ITU-T.)

The argument about how to set up and use dimensions on drawings is as old as the process of creating geometrical plans from which objects are built. It is often difficult to separate fact and best practice from opinion. Although I leave it up to you to decide these issues for yourself, this chapter is intended to help you understand how to create the type of drawing that you want. The biggest conflict in this subject arises over whether to place live model dimensions on the drawing or to allow the requirements of the drawing to specify which dimensions are placed where. I am by no means impartial when it comes to this question, but again, you must make the choice for yourself.

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Using Local Component Patterns ......................................................................................486 Local pattern references...........................................................................................486 Pattern seed only .....................................................................................................487 Instances to Skip .....................................................................................................488 Using Feature-Driven Component Patterns .......................................................................489 Understanding Other Pattern Options...............................................................................490 Dissolve Pattern.......................................................................................................491 Add to New Folder..................................................................................................491 Component pattern display options ........................................................................491 Component patterns and configurations .................................................................492 Tutorial: Creating Component Patterns .............................................................................492 Summary ..........................................................................................................................494

1 Display Slide Master view, Normal view,

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