PART IV in .NET

Integrating QRCode in .NET PART IV

Imagined strength training (i.e., performing mental contractions) of the abductor digiti minimi muscle resulted in a 22% increase in strength versus a 30% increase brought about by physical training (Yue & Cole 1992). Similarly, imagined strength training produced a 35% increase in nger abduction strength versus a 13.5% increase in elbow exion strength with a corresponding increase in electroencephalogram (EEG) derived cortical potentials (Ranganathan et al. 2004). These data suggest adaptations in higher brain centers during volitional maximal activation may result in strength gain. Descending corticospinal tracts Using twitch-interpolation techniques, it was shown that individuals do not produce as much voluntary force as they do when stimulation is performed simultaneously to maximal contraction (Enoka 1997). This effect is muscle dependent (Belanger & McComas 1981); more evident in fast-twitch (FT) motor units, and demonstrates a limited ability for untrained individuals to maximally recruit motor units. Further evidence has been provided with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Adams et al. (1993), who showed that at maximal voluntary contraction only 71% of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was activated. A limitation in central drive reduces force production and much of the limitation may originate from descending corticospinal tracts, as evidenced by recent studies using transcranial stimulation before and following strength training (Carroll et al. 2002). Training has been shown to reduce this de cit. Pensini et al. (2002) examined 4 weeks of eccentric (ECC) plantar exion training and reported that voluntary activation level increased from 80% pre-study to 91%. Motor units The functional unit of the nervous system is the motor unit (MU). Motoneurons are multipolar cells that may innervate 5 10 muscle bers for small muscles and >100 for large trunk and limb muscles. Force modulation is controlled through excitatory and inhibitory synapses which may act on a homonymous motor unit pool or individual motor

9 Pixel comes from the contraction of PICTure ELement. In some image processing, a pixel is simply called a dot.

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techniques reduce the risk of being late. Others reduce the chances of overrunning the budget. A few address the process for ensuring the quality of the end product. And all techniques try to increase the satisfaction of every stakeholder and improve the chances of success. All project management activities can be construed as managing risk, but the risk management process is a specific set of activities you ll consciously perform to identify and manage risks on the project. Like project definition, these are outcomes of the risk management process (see Figure 5.1). Let s consider the ways in which risk management activities relate to project definition, project planning, and project control. Definition The first risks surface as the project is conceived, the business case is constructed, and the goals for cost, schedule, and product scope are developed. Initially, these risks may be listed as assumptions, but as it becomes clear that they represent specific threats, they become the first documented risks. Planning Figure 5.1 shows the function of planning as having two major components: risk management and schedule and budget development. Schedule and budget development are the detailed plans required for day-to-day management of the project. Techniques for creating these detailed plans are described in the next three chapters. Risk planning

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